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兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水

2021年11月26日5720百度已收录

兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水  php开发技巧 第1张

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据Stack Overflow数据显示,Python是使用量增长最快的编程语言。

福布斯最新发布的一篇报告指出 ,python的使用量在去年增长了456%。 Netfix、IBM以及其它数以百计的公司都在使用python。 包括Dropbox也是由python创建的。 Dice的研究 表明,python是世界上最热门的技巧之一,根据 编程语言的流行度指数 来看,python同时也是最受欢迎的编程语言。

Python为何有如此大的魅力呢?

那是因为,与其它编程语言相比,Python有以下5点优势:

1、和主流平台、操作系统兼容。

2、包含许多开源框架和工具。

3、编码具有可读性和可维护性

4、强大的标准库

5、标准的测试驱动开发

较低的学习门槛和广阔的发展前景使得Python越来越受欢迎。 今天,小芯就继续给大家带来有关python非常有用的10个代码小技巧,帮助你完成日常工作,请注意查收和学习哟~

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兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水  php开发技巧 第4张

10个Python小技巧1. 用ZIP处理列表

假设要合并相同长度的列表并打印结果。 同样有一种更通用的方式,即用zip()函数获得想要的结果,代码如下:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">countries= [<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'France'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Germany'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Canada'</span>]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">capitals = [<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Paris'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Berlin'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Ottawa'</span>]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">for</span> country, capital <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">in</span> zip(countries,capitals):</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print</span>(country, capital) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># FranceParis</span></span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> GermanyBerlin</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> CanadaOttawa</span>

2. 使用python collections

Python collections是容器数据类型,即列表、集合、元组、字典。 Collections模块提供了可以增强代码的高性能数据类型,使工作更加简洁容易。 它还提供了许多功能,以下使用Counter() 函数进行演示。

Counter() 函数采用一个可迭代对象(如列表或元组),并返回一个Counter字典。 字典的键是迭代器中唯一存在的元素,每个键的值是该元素在迭代器中出现次数的计数。

为创建一个Counter对象,将一个迭代的(列表)传递给Counter()函数,代码如下。

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">fromcollections <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">import</span> Countercount = Counter([<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'a'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'b'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'c'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'d'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'b'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'c'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'d'</span>,<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'b'</span>])</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print</span>(count) # Counter({<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'b'</span>: <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'c'</span>: <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'d'</span>: <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'a'</span>: <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1</span>})</span>

3. 使用itertools

Python的itertools模块是用于处理迭代器的工具集合。 Itertools包含多种工具,用于生成输入数据的可迭代结果。 这里以itertools.combinations()为例。 itertools.combinations()用于构建组合。 这些是输入量的可能组合项。

举一个现实中的例子来阐明以上观点:

假设一个锦标赛中有4个队伍,在联赛阶段,每个队伍都要与其他每个队伍进行比赛。 任务是列出所有比赛队伍的可能组合。

代码如下:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">importitertools</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">friends = [<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 1'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 2'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 3'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 4'</span>]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">list(itertools.combinations(friends, r=<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2</span>)) # [(<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 1'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 2'</span>), (<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 1'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 3'</span>), (<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 1'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 4'</span>), (<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 2'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 3'</span>), (<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 2'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 4'</span>), (<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 3'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'Team 4'</span>)]</span>

需要注意的是,值的顺序不重要。 因为('Team 1', 'Team 2')和('Team 2', 'Team 1')代表同一对,所以输出列表只需包含其中一个。 相似的,可以使用itertools.permutations()以及来自该模块的其他函数。 如需更完整的参考资料,请查阅此 教程 。

4. 从函数中返回多个值

Python可从函数调用中返回多个值,这是许多其他流行编程语言所不具备的功能。 在这种情况下,返回值应为逗号分隔的值列表,然后python构造一个元组并返回给调用方。 代码示例如下:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">defmultiplication_division(num1, num2):</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">return</span> num1*num2, num1/num2product,division = multiplication_division(15, 3)</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print</span>(<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"Product="</span>, product, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"Quotient ="</span>, division) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">#Product= 45 Quotient = 5.0</span></span>

5. 使用列表推导式

列表推导式用于从其他可迭代对象中创建新列表。 列表推导式返回列表时,由包含表达式的方括号组成,该表达式对于每个元素以及用于循环遍历每个元素的for循环执行。 由于对python解释器进行了优化,可以在循环期间发现可预测的模式,因此列表推导速度更快。

如下,使用列表推导式计算前五个整数的平方:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">m = [x** 2 <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">for</span> x <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">in</span> range(5)]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print</span>(m) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]</span></span>

再如,使用列表推导式查找两个列表中的公共数字

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">list_a =[1, 2, 3, 4]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">list_b = [2, 3, 4, 5]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">common_num = [a <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">for</span> a <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">in</span> list_a <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">for</span> b <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">in</span> list_b <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">if</span> a == b]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print</span>(common_num) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># [2, 3, 4]</span></span>

6. 将两个列表转换为一个字典

兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水  php开发技巧 第5张

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假设有两个列表,一个列表内容为学生姓名,另一个内容为学生分数。 使用zip函数,将这两个列表转换为一个字典,代码如下:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">students= [<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"Peter"</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"Julia"</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"Alex"</span>]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">marks = [84, 65, 77]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">dictionary = dict(zip(students, marks))</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print(dictionary) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># {'Peter': 84, 'Julia': 65, 'Alex': 77}</span></span>

7. 字符串拼接

拼接字符串时可用for循环来逐个添加元素,但这非常低效(特别是当列表很长时)。 在python中,字符串是不可变的,因此拼接字符串时,必须将左、右字符串复制到新的字符串中。

更好的方法是使用join() 函数,如下所示:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">characters= [<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'p'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'y'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'t'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'h'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'o'</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'n'</span>]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">word = <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">""</span>.join(characters)</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print</span>(word) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># python</span></span>

8. 使用sorted()函数

在python中使用内置函数sorted()可以轻而易举地对任何序列进行排序,它能完成很多艰难的工作。 sorted()可对任何序列(列表、元组)进行排序,并返回已排序的元素列表。 如下对数字进行升序排列:

sorted([3,5,2,1,4])# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]如下对字符串进行降序排列:

sorted(['france','germany', 'canada', 'india', 'china'], reverse=True) # ['india', 'germany','france', 'china', 'canada']9. 用enumerate()迭代

Enumerate()方法向可迭代对象添加一个计数器,并以枚举对象的形式返回。

以下是一个经典的编码方面的面试问题(通常被称为Fizz Buzz问题)。

编写一个程序来打印列表中的数字。 若数字是3的倍数,输出“fizz”; 是5的倍数,输出“buzz”;既是3又是5的倍数,输出“fizzbuzz”。

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">numbers= [<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">30</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">42</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">28</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">50</span>, <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">15</span>]</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">for</span> i, num <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">in</span> enumerate(numbers):</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">if</span> num % <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3</span> == <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">0</span> <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">and</span> num % <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5</span> == <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">0</span>:</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> numbers[i] = <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'fizzbuzz'</span></span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">elif</span> num % <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3</span> == <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">0</span>:</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> numbers[i] = <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'fizz'</span></span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">elif</span> num % <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5</span> == <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">0</span>:</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> numbers[i] = <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">'buzz'</span></span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print(numbers) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># ['fizzbuzz', 'fizz', 28, 'buzz', 'fizzbuzz']</span></span>

10. 使用python generators(生成器)

generator函数允许创建类似迭代器的函数。 他们允许程序员以一种简单快速的方式创建迭代器。 下面通过一个例子来解释这个概念。

假设要对从1开始的前100000000个完全平方数求和。

看起来很容易对吧。 使用列表推导式可以很轻松的做到这一点,但是它的输入量过大。 下面为一示例:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">t1 =time.clock()</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">sum([i * i for i in range(1, 100000000)])</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">t2 = time.clock()</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">time_diff = t2 - t1</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print(f<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"It took {time_diff} Secs to execute this method"</span>) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># Ittook 13.197494000000006 Secs to execute this method</span></span>

在增加求和的完全平方数时,由于需要大量计算时间,这种方法并不够灵活。 这时python生成器就派上用场了。 将方括号替换为圆括号后,列表推导式更改为生成器表达式。 现在计算花费的时间:

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">t1 = time.clock()</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">sum((i * i for i in range(1, 100000000)))</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">t2 = time.clock()</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">time_diff = t2 - t1</span>

<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">print(f<span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">"It took {time_diff} Secs to execute this method"</span>) <span style="max-width: 1000%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"># Ittook 9.53867000000001 Secs to execute this method</span></span>

如上,所花费时间已大大减少。 输入量越大,减少效果越显著。

兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水  php开发技巧 第6张

小结:兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水  php开发技巧 第7张

图源:Unsplash

随着人工智能的逐渐升温,Python作为人工智能领域开发的首选语言,其地位也将越来越重要。 以前的“学好数理化,走遍天下都不怕”,如今可能要改口了——“学好python,走遍天下都不怕”。

所以,还在等什么,赶紧学会这10种实用的python小技巧,相信你的日常工作会更加666~

兵贵神速!掌握这10个python技巧,让你代码工作如鱼得水  php开发技巧 第8张

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